Long ago, the world was very different from what it is today ---until suddenly, lands which were once quite warm became covered in snow and ice --- much of which has never melted since!

 In Alaska, explorers have found the remains of animals which now live only in warm lands together with buried forests of tall trees and lush vegetation.

The new Siberian islands in The Arctic Ocean are now very cold, and hardly anything grows there.  
Yet just over 100 years ago an explorer named Baron Edward Toll found a 27- metre-high fruit tree with ripe fruit still on it, frozen in the ice!

Thousands of mammoths grazing on lush pastures were suddenly frozen and buried. The remains of some have been found with grass and flowers still in their mouths! We may never know exactly what happened, but one thing seems clear--- the theory that things change only very slowly on earth must be wrong!